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0 · Understanding and Evaluating Virtual Smart Cards
1 · Understanding and Evaluating Virtual S
2 · Smart Card Architecture
3 · OpenPGP card
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Each smart card must have a Cryptographic Service Provider (CSP) that uses the CryptoAPI interfaces to enable cryptographic operations, and the WinSCard APIs to enable communications with smart card hardware. Virtual smart card technology uses cryptographic keys that are stored on . 15. $\begingroup$. A Smart Card is small portable physical device, typically flat and in the format of a traditional credit card (sometime much smaller: an example is the SIM card in a mobile phone), embedding: An Integrated Circuit with memory providing permanent data retention; that's using EEPROM, Flash, or FRAM in most of today's Smart Cards.
Nowadays, Smart cards can generate their cryptographic keys on the card itself using appropriate hardware. Entropy is generally generated by an embedded random generator. The hardware of the generator is generally certified by organization such FIPS, which release recommendations on the generation of cryptographic keys.Upon decryption the AES data key is first decrypted with the private key on the smart card. This for instance requires a PIN code to be entered to gain access to the private key. Once the data key is decrypted it can be used to decrypt the rest of the data. Using authenticated encryption (such as GCM) should of course be preferred.More generally, when a device using cryptography is broken, this is often by means better described as a side channel attack than a cryptographic attack. Addition: check this introductory article's part1 ( alt. ), part2 ( alt. ), part3 ; and this 2012 paper showing remote SPA and DPA attacks on Smart Phones and PDA .
Cryptographic Software implementation is coding the cryptographic schemes/algorithms with a programming language so that it can run under the target operation system. The programming language can be really wide; C is preferred most for low level systems. C++ is usually preferred system levels. Java mostly used for smart card systems. For optimum assurance you should use a FIPS or Common Criteria validated software and hardware component (HSM, smart card) for key generation, key storage and key usage. Beware that computer memory may not always be secure. Key generation is the easy part, correct key management is much harder.
5. As far as I understand it, the hardware key-fob two-factor systems such as RSA SecurID depend on secret algorithms, and employ tamper-resistant hardware to prevent reverse engineering. Is there some mathematical fact that prevents a system like SecurID from operating with open-source software (including the server and token algorithms . Nowadays that's often a dedicated area of a larger Integrated Circuit; e.g. a typical bank Smart Card includes dedicated hardware for 3DES, AES, RSA or/and Elliptic Curve Cryptography. Nowadays, the cryptographic algorithm is typically translated into a design expressed in some Hardware Description Language such as VHDL , then compiled into a . The reason for this is to save bandwidth. Since the storage systems and the signing are separate and the communication between them is already trusted it is faster and less expensive to transmit a hash rather than a very large file for signing. – .
Understanding and Evaluating Virtual Smart Cards
A key store may contain a certificate chains for private keys of the user, but it may also store trusted certificates. Trusted (root) certificates are for instance used to create TLS connections from your browser to websites. TLS can also be configured to use client authentication; in that case the key store contains both the private key . 15. $\begingroup$. A Smart Card is small portable physical device, typically flat and in the format of a traditional credit card (sometime much smaller: an example is the SIM card in a mobile phone), embedding: An Integrated Circuit with memory providing permanent data retention; that's using EEPROM, Flash, or FRAM in most of today's Smart Cards. Nowadays, Smart cards can generate their cryptographic keys on the card itself using appropriate hardware. Entropy is generally generated by an embedded random generator. The hardware of the generator is generally certified by organization such FIPS, which release recommendations on the generation of cryptographic keys.Upon decryption the AES data key is first decrypted with the private key on the smart card. This for instance requires a PIN code to be entered to gain access to the private key. Once the data key is decrypted it can be used to decrypt the rest of the data. Using authenticated encryption (such as GCM) should of course be preferred.
More generally, when a device using cryptography is broken, this is often by means better described as a side channel attack than a cryptographic attack. Addition: check this introductory article's part1 ( alt. ), part2 ( alt. ), part3 ; and this 2012 paper showing remote SPA and DPA attacks on Smart Phones and PDA . Cryptographic Software implementation is coding the cryptographic schemes/algorithms with a programming language so that it can run under the target operation system. The programming language can be really wide; C is preferred most for low level systems. C++ is usually preferred system levels. Java mostly used for smart card systems.
For optimum assurance you should use a FIPS or Common Criteria validated software and hardware component (HSM, smart card) for key generation, key storage and key usage. Beware that computer memory may not always be secure. Key generation is the easy part, correct key management is much harder.
5. As far as I understand it, the hardware key-fob two-factor systems such as RSA SecurID depend on secret algorithms, and employ tamper-resistant hardware to prevent reverse engineering. Is there some mathematical fact that prevents a system like SecurID from operating with open-source software (including the server and token algorithms . Nowadays that's often a dedicated area of a larger Integrated Circuit; e.g. a typical bank Smart Card includes dedicated hardware for 3DES, AES, RSA or/and Elliptic Curve Cryptography. Nowadays, the cryptographic algorithm is typically translated into a design expressed in some Hardware Description Language such as VHDL , then compiled into a . The reason for this is to save bandwidth. Since the storage systems and the signing are separate and the communication between them is already trusted it is faster and less expensive to transmit a hash rather than a very large file for signing. – .
Understanding and Evaluating Virtual S
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cryptographic smart card|Understanding and Evaluating Virtual Smart Cards